Misyar marriage
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A misyar marriage (Arabic: نکاح المسيار, romanized: nikāḥ al-misyār or Arabic: زواج المسيار, romanized: zawāj al-misyār) is a type of marriage contract allowed by some Sunni Muslims where the wife renounces some marital rights such as living together, the rights to housing and maintenance money (nafaqa), and where the husband foregoes the right to home-keeping and access. The practice is often used in some Islamic countries to give a legal recognition to behavior that might otherwise be considered adulterous via temporary, contractual marriages.[1]
Etymology and background
[edit]According to the Egyptian Dar al-Ifta, "misyar" is not a formal Arabic word and the etymology of the term "misyar marriage" is not entirely clear. However, it is apparently derived from the colloquial word, misyar, meaning to ‘stop by’ or ‘stay for a short time’, because in a "misyar" marriage a husband does not live with his wife but visits her at brief, irregular intervals.[2]
That source also describes misyar marriage as similar to “day marriage”, a "kind of marriage that prevailed in the past". According to the Islamic scholar al-Kamal Ibn al-Humam, "there is no harm in marrying a woman and spending only the day with her without staying over."[3]
In practice
[edit]The Sheikh of al-Azhar mosque, Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi and theologian Yusuf Al-Qaradawi note in their writings and in their lectures that a major proportion of the few men who take a spouse in the framework of the misyar marriage are men who are married or women who are either divorced, widowed or beyond the customary marriage age.[4] Arab News reported in 2014 that the “misyar marriages became a widespread reality” in the Saudi kingdom.[5]
Scriptural basis
[edit]The website Halal Marriage Contract offers two verses of the Quran as support for the "option" of misyar.
- “If a woman fears indifference or neglect from her husband, there is no blame on either of them if they seek ˹fair˺ settlement, which is best. Humans are ever inclined to selfishness. But if you are gracious and mindful ˹of Allah˺, surely Allah is All-Aware of what you do.“ (Q.4:128)
- “Give women their dowries graciously. But if they willingly forego some of it, then consume it with enjoyment and pleasure.” (Q.4:4)[6]
A couple of sahih hadth cited by Dar al-Ifta describe the circumstances for verse Q.4:128 as being a situation where a husband loses interest in his wife or the wife fears he will.
Muhammad's wife Aisha narrated: "A man would keep a wife and become disinterested in her. So, she would tell him, ‘I release you from any rights concerning me/I relinquish my rights’, so this verse was revealed” (recorded by Bukhari).[2]
Ibn 'Abbas narrated, “Sawda Bint Zam'a... feared that the Prophet ... might divorce her, so she told him, "Do not divorce me but keep me [as your wife] and give my day to 'Aisha." The Prophet ... complied. Consequently, Allah revealed His words, "There is no sin upon them if they make terms of settlement between them - and settlement is best' (recorded by al-Tirmidhi).[2]
Legality
[edit]Misyar marriage fits within the general rules of marriage in law, on condition merely that it fulfill all the requirements of the sharia marriage contract, i.e.:
- The agreement of both parties
- Two legal witnesses (shahidayn)
- The payment by the husband to his wife of mahr (dower) in the amount that is agreed[7]
- The absence of a fixed time period for the contract
- Any particular stipulations (shurut) which the two parties agree to include in the contract and which are in conformity with Muslim marriage law
The Egyptian Dar al-Ifta also agrees that a Misyar marriage need only meet the integrals and conditions of the marriage contract and that there be nothing to prevent the marriage.[2]
However, some Sunni scholars and organizations have opposed the concept of Nikah Misyar altogether.[8]
In the view of the Saudi Islamic lawyer and member of the Higher Council of Ulema of Saudi Arabia Abdullah bin Sulaiman bin Menie, the wife can, at any time as she sees fit, retract her renunciation of her financial rights and require of her husband that he give her all of her marital rights, including that he live with her and provide for her financial needs (nafaqa). The husband can then either do so, or grant her a divorce.[9]
For these reasons, Professor Yusuf al-Qaradawi observes that he does not promote this type of marriage, although he has to recognise that it is legal, since it fulfills all the requirements of the usual marriage contract.[10] He states his preference that the clause of renunciation be not included within the marriage contract, but be the subject of a simple verbal agreement between the parties, since Muslims are held by their commitments whether they are written or verbal.[11]
In recent years, Islamic clerics in Saudi Arabia have declared misyar contracts as "legally valid" contracts.[12]
Western views
[edit]Misyar has been suggested by some authors (Lodi Mushtaq, Elie Elhadj) to be comparable to mut'ah (temporary marriage) and that they find it for the sole purpose of "sexual gratification in a licit manner".[13][14] According to Karen Ruffle, assistant professor of religion at the University of Toronto, even though mutʿah is prohibited by Sunni schools of law, several types of impermanent marriage exist, including misyar (ambulant) marriage and ʿurfi (customary) marriage, which gained popularity in parts of the Sunni world.[15] According to Florian Pohl, assistant professor of religion at Emory University's Oxford College, misyar marriage is a controversial issue in the Muslim world, as many see it as a practice that encourages marriages for purely sexual purposes, or that it is used as a cover for a form of prostitution.[16]
See also
[edit]- Islamic marital jurisprudence
- Living apart together
- Nikah halala
- Nikah 'urfi
- Nikah Mut'ah
- Pilegesh
- Walking marriage
References
[edit]- ^ "Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Misyar marriage". Archived from the original on 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2018-02-02.
- ^ a b c d "Is Misyar Marriage Legal? 6619". Dar al-Ifta of Egypt. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
- ^ al-Kamal Ibn al-Humam. Fath al-Qadeer. Vol. 3. p. 249. quoted in "Is Misyar Marriage Legal? 6619". Dar al-Ifta of Egypt. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
- ^ "Arab News". Arab News. Archived from the original on 2006-05-26. Retrieved 2006-08-08.
- ^ "Misyar now 'a widespread reality'". Arab News. 12 October 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
- ^ "Misyar Marriage Contract: Understanding Its Validity and Use". Halalmarriagecontract.com. Retrieved 18 April 2025.
- ^ Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Misyar marriage Archived 2011-01-04 at the Wayback Machine et Zawaj al misyar, p 11
- ^ "Prostitution Legalized". CIF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION. Archived from the original on 2013-07-11. Retrieved 2013-06-16.
- ^ "quoted by Al-Hakeem, Mariam : Misyar marriage gaining prominence among Saudis". Archived from the original on 2005-05-24. Retrieved 2005-08-20.
- ^ Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Zawaj al misyar p.8
- ^ Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf : Zawaj al misyar, pp.13-14
- ^ Otto, J.M. (2010). Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present. Amsterdam University Press. p. 165. ISBN 9789087280574. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
- ^ Lodi, Mushtaq K. (1 July 2011). Islam and the West: The Clash Between Islamism and Secularism. Strategic Book Publishing. ISBN 9781612046235. Archived from the original on 2016-05-29. Retrieved 2016-09-24 – via Google Books.
- ^ Elhadj, Elie (30 July 2017). The Islamic Shield: Arab Resistance to Democratic and Religious Reforms. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 9781599424118. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2016-09-24 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Mutʿa - Islamic Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo". Archived from the original on 2015-01-11. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
- ^ Pohl, Florian (September 1, 2010). Muslim World: Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780761479277. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
External links
[edit]English
[edit]- Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf: Misyar marriage
- Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf: Mut’ah marriage
- Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf: The philosophy of marriage in Islam
- Kutty : Conditions of valid marriage
- Siddiqi : Witnesses and mahr (dower) for marriage
- Al-Qasim : Temporary marriage (mut'ah)
- Urfi marriage
- Yet another marriage without strings, Fatwa committee of Al-Azhar against Misyar
- Misyar marriage at lexicorient.com Archived 2021-02-28 at the Wayback Machine
- Misyar marriage at marriage.about.com Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
- Misyar marriages
- Misyar marriage – a marvel or misery?
- Misyar offers marriage-lite in strict Saudi society
- Al-Hakeem, Mariam: Misyar marriage gaining prominence among Saudis
- No strings attached marriage enrages Gulf women
- Marriage or mockery?
- Al-Obeikan, Sheikh Abdul Mohsen, vice-minister of Justice of Saudi Arabia: interview with the Arabic daily "Asharq al-Awsat" of 09/07/06 in which he discusses the legal value of the IFA fatwa
Arabic
[edit]- Al-Marzuqi Saleh Secretary General of IFA, interviewed by TV Alarabiya.net on the subject of the IFA decisions on 12/04/2006
- An-Najimi, Muhammad: member of IFA, interviewed by TV AlArabiya.net on the subject of the IFA decisions on (28/04/06)
- Sharia ruling
- BinBaz: Mesyar marriage and its conditions
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